Castro Verde is the main area of cereal steppes in Portugal (ca. 80,000 ha), having international importance for several steppe bird species with unfavourable conservation status. In spring 2006, a large-scale assessment of bird populations in the region was carried out using a simple methodological procedure. The occurrence and abundance of 16 species of steppe birds was estimated in 391 squares (1x1 km) in order to describe the spatial distribution patterns, explore the habitat variables explaining the observed patterns and estimate population sizes. The more frequent steppe species in the region were Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra (present in 78